手機(jī)版
A few middle-aged couples are chatting at a dinner party when one husband, Harry, starts talking enthusiastically about a new restaurant he has just visited with his wife. What's its name, demands a friend. Harry looks blank. There is an awkward pause. "What are those good-smelling flowers with thorns called again?" he eventually asks. A rose, he is told. "Yes that's it," Harry announces before turning to his wife. "Rose, what's that restaurant we went to the other night?"
幾對(duì)中年夫婦正在宴會(huì)上閑聊，丈夫哈里開始興奮的描述他和妻子最近光臨過的一家新餐館。當(dāng)有人問起這家餐館叫什么名字時(shí)，哈里愣住了。一時(shí)間出現(xiàn)了令人尷尬的冷場(chǎng)。“那種好聞?dòng)謳Т痰幕▋航惺裁疵謥碇?rdquo;哈里最后提出了一個(gè)莫名其妙的問題。那叫玫瑰，有人告訴他說。“沒錯(cuò)，就是它，”哈里先公布了答案，然后向妻子求證。“玫瑰，我們前幾天晚上去的那家餐館是不是就叫這個(gè)名字？”
It's a vintage joke but it makes a telling point, one that forms the core of a newly published book on memory, Moonwalking with Einstein: The Art and Science of Remembering Everything, by American journalist Joshua Foer. The book, for which Foer received more than $1m in advance royalties in the US, is an analysis of the importance of memorising events and stories in human history; the decline of its role in modern life; and the techniques that we need to adopt to restore the art of remembering.
這則笑話雖然俗套，但卻生動(dòng)的道出了一個(gè)事實(shí)真相，該事實(shí)也是一本新書《與愛因斯坦漫步月球：記憶的藝術(shù)和科學(xué)》（Moonwalking with Einstein: The Art and Science of Remembering Everything）的核心內(nèi)容，其作者是美國記者約書亞•弗爾（Joshua Foer）。這本讓弗爾收獲了一百多萬美元預(yù)支版稅的新書分析了人類歷史上記憶活動(dòng)的重要性；現(xiàn)代生活中記憶行為的衰退；以及為了還原記憶藝術(shù)我們需要采用的技術(shù)手段。
As Foer points out, we no longer need to remember telephone numbers. Our mobile phones do that for us. We don't recall addresses either. We send emails from computers that store electronic addresses. Nor do we bother to remember multiplication tables. Pocket calculators do the job of multiplying quite nicely. Museums, photographs, the digital media and books also act as storehouses for memories that were once internalised.
正如弗爾所指出的那樣，我們已經(jīng)不再需要記住電話號(hào)碼，因?yàn)橛惺謾C(jī)代勞；我們也不需要記憶地址，因?yàn)橛须娮余]件地址就可以通過電腦發(fā)送郵件；我們甚至不用煩神去背誦乘法表，袖珍計(jì)算器算得又快又好。博物館、照片、數(shù)字媒介和書籍也能作為記憶的存儲(chǔ)庫，而在以前，這些記憶都是要放在大腦中的。
As a result, we no longer remember long poems or folk stories by heart, feats of memory that were once the cornerstones of most people's lives. Indeed, society has changed so much that we no longer know what techniques we should employ to remember such lengthy works. We are, quite simply, forgetting how to remember.
結(jié)果，我們不再熟記長詩或民間故事，而這份記憶特長曾經(jīng)是大多數(shù)人賴以生存的基礎(chǔ)技能。的確，社會(huì)變了許多，以致于我們不知道該使用何種技術(shù)來記住如此冗長的著作。其實(shí)簡(jiǎn)單說來，就是我們正在忘記如何去記憶。
Hence Foer's book, which is published by Penguin this month. It outlines the methods that need to be mastered in order to boost our memories and regain the ability to recall long strings of names, numbers or faces. In the process, he adds, we will become more aware of the world about us.
于是弗爾的新書應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，這本著作將于本月由企鵝出版社出版。書中概括了很多方法，要提升記憶力并恢復(fù)對(duì)長串姓名、數(shù)字或面孔的回憶能力，這些方法是必須得掌握的。弗爾認(rèn)為，在這一過程中，我們將會(huì)更加重視周遭的世界。
The trick, Foer says, is to adopt a process known as "elaborative encoding", which involves converting information, such as a shopping list, into a series of "engrossing visual images". If you want to remember a list of household objects – gherkins, cottage cheese, sugar and other items – then visualise them in an unforgettable manner, he says. Start by creating an image of a large jar of gherkins standing in the garden. Next to it, imagine a giant tub of cottage cheese – the size of an outdoor pool – and then picture Lady Gaga swimming in it. And so on. Each image should be as bizarre and memorable as possible.
在弗爾看來，記憶的訣竅在于采用所謂的“詳細(xì)編碼”方式，即轉(zhuǎn)化信息，例如一張購物清單可以被轉(zhuǎn)化成一系列“有趣的視覺圖像”。如果你想記住一張羅列日常用品——青瓜、白軟干酪、糖和其他物品等等——的清單，不妨將它們以一種難以忘記的方式具體化。首先創(chuàng)造出這樣一幅圖像：一個(gè)裝滿青瓜的大廣口瓶立在花園中，旁邊是一個(gè)巨型浴缸，里面全是白軟干酪，浴缸就像戶外游泳池那般巨大，而Lady Gaga就在里面游泳。諸如此類，每幅圖像都盡可能的荒誕不經(jīng)，但又令人難以忘懷。
Using methods like this, it becomes possible to achieve great feats of memory quite easily, Foer says. It certainly seems to have worked for him: he won the annual US Memory Championships after learning how to memorise 120 random digits in five minutes; the first and last names of 156 strangers in 15 minutes; and a deck of cards in under two minutes. "What I had really trained my brain to do, as much as to memorise, was to be more mindful and to pay attention to the world around," he says.
弗爾表示，借助這些方法，好記性自然是手到擒來。他自己就是典型例子：在學(xué)習(xí)掌握了如何五分鐘內(nèi)記住120個(gè)隨機(jī)數(shù)字、十五分鐘內(nèi)記住156個(gè)陌生人的姓名及兩分鐘之內(nèi)記住一幅撲克牌的順序之后，弗爾贏得了年度美國腦力大賽的冠軍。“我所做的其實(shí)就是讓自己的大腦盡可能多的去記憶，更為關(guān)注和留意周圍的世界，”他說。
These techniques employed by Foer to master his memory were developed by Ed Cooke – a British writer and a world memory championship grandmaster. He acted as Foer's trainer during preparations for the book and helped him achieve his championship performances. "Memory techniques do just one thing: they make information more meaningful to the mind, making the things we try to learn unforgettably bright and amusing," said Cooke.
弗爾用來鍛煉記憶的這些技巧是愛德•庫克（Ed Cooke）發(fā)明的，庫克是一位英國作家，同時(shí)也是一位世界腦力錦標(biāo)賽大師。在著書期間，他充當(dāng)了弗爾的訓(xùn)練師，并幫助弗爾取得了冠軍稱號(hào)。“記憶技巧總結(jié)起來很簡(jiǎn)單：它們讓信息變得更有意義，讓我們要掌握的那些事物變得鮮明和有趣起來，從而叫人難以忘卻。”庫克說。
We remember facts about subjects we are interested in – football or gossip – but day-to-day memories are often devoid of meaning: dates, numbers, definitions or names. These we tend to be poor at recalling. The trick, therefore, is to transform these grey bits of data into something colourful through the use of some energetic imagination.
我們會(huì)牢記那些自己覺得有趣的對(duì)象，譬如足球或小道消息，但日常記憶的事物通常沒什么涵義：日期、數(shù)字、定義或姓名等等。這些東西事后很難回想起來，因此要將這些無趣的數(shù)據(jù)集合轉(zhuǎn)換為多姿多彩的記憶對(duì)象，我們必須得借助積極的想象力。
In this way, all sorts of feats become possible. Arrange the images that you have thought up on a route through a familiar place, like your garden, and imagine yourself passing through that space, said Cooke. Describe each of your created images when you reach its assigned place on your mental route. This way you can talk for an hour while always knowing exactly where you are. "Orators like Cicero used this technique to give seven-hour speeches under intense heckling in the Roman senate," Cooke said.
通過這種方式，你可以輕松記住各式各樣的記憶對(duì)象。庫克建議說，你可以將所要記憶的事物化為圖像，排在通往某個(gè)熟悉場(chǎng)景（如自家花園）的路線旁，再想象自己正在穿過這些區(qū)域。當(dāng)經(jīng)過思維地圖中圖像所在的位置時(shí)，去描繪你自己創(chuàng)造的這些圖像。這樣你滔滔不絕的聊上一個(gè)小時(shí)也不會(huì)離題千里了。“像西塞羅這樣的演說家可以連續(xù)演講七個(gè)小時(shí)，同時(shí)還要接受羅馬參議院議員們的激烈詰問，他靠的就是這種技巧。”庫克說。
However, he rejects the idea that people today have simply become sloppy when it comes to using their powers of memory and are now incapable of remembering important facts or bits of information. "The same parts of our minds that we once employed to recall great chunks of data – telephone numbers or addresses or even poems – we use, instead, to remember ways to access information: websites like Google, apps for our iPhones, and routes like that," he said. "In other words, we don't know the data but we remember lots of ways to get at it very quickly."
依靠使用存儲(chǔ)器來記憶的現(xiàn)代人不僅變得馬虎大意，而且記不住重要事實(shí)或少量信息，對(duì)此，庫克持反對(duì)意見。“我們?cè)脕碛洃涬娫捥?hào)碼、地址或者詩歌的大腦部分——現(xiàn)在卻被用于記憶獲取信息的方式：諸如谷歌這樣的網(wǎng)站地址，iPhone的應(yīng)用程序或其他類似途經(jīng)，”他說。“換句話說，我們記不住具體數(shù)據(jù)，但我們記得住快速獲取數(shù)據(jù)的大量方法。”
And in many situations that is a perfectly acceptable way to operate. However, there are several exceptions, he said. "Personally, I like it when doctors remember everything about the human body before they qualify. I don't want to wake up on the operating table to find one of them staring at their iPhones where they have downloaded an app that directs them how to cut up a body.
在很多時(shí)候，這種回憶方式完全可以接受，但也有一些例外的情況。庫克表示，“就個(gè)人而言，我更喜歡醫(yī)生在取得行醫(yī)資格之前，能記住關(guān)于人體方方面面的知識(shí)。我不希望自己在手術(shù)臺(tái)上醒來之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)身邊的醫(yī)生還在通過iPhone下載指導(dǎo)他們開刀的應(yīng)用程序。
"And let's face it, there is nothing sadder than someone who has lost their mobile phone and who finds they cannot even phone home or call their parents or partners because they cannot remember a single telephone number. That is an example of the tragic disillusion of personal independence. So, yes, there is a need for us to be able to remember certain things in life."
“面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)吧，想想那些丟了手機(jī)就無法聯(lián)系家人、父母和愛人的家伙吧，他們連一個(gè)電話號(hào)碼都記不住，還有比這更悲慘的人生嗎？個(gè)人獨(dú)立性的悲劇性幻滅，這就是明證。所以說，記住生活中的某些特定事項(xiàng)還是很有必要的。”
Further information can be found at Ed Cooke's website: www. memrise.com
欲獲取更多信息，請(qǐng)移步愛德•庫克的個(gè)人主頁：www. memrise.com
TOTAL RECALL完整的回憶力
■ The storage capacity of the brain is virtually limitless – the estimated number of patterns nerve cells could form is 1 followed by 800 zeros.
人腦的存儲(chǔ)容量近乎無限——神經(jīng)細(xì)胞可以形成的樣式數(shù)量約為10的800次方。
■ Goldfish can retain memories that last for up to three months.
金魚可以保存記憶長達(dá)三個(gè)月之久。
■ Japan's Akira Haraguchi has the record for reciting the number Pi from memory – to 83,431 decimal places.
日本人原口證（Akira Haraguchi）曾創(chuàng)下圓周率記憶的世界紀(jì)錄，他記住了π小數(shù)點(diǎn)之后的83431位。
■ The elephant has the longest memory of any member of the animal kingdom and can even remember where other elephants have died.
大象擁有動(dòng)物王國最長的記憶，它們甚至能記住同類死亡的地點(diǎn)。
■ Marcel Proust's novel Remembrance of Things Past is the most famous literary exploration of the role of memory in a person's life.
馬塞爾•普魯斯特（Marcel Proust）的小說《追憶似水年華》（Remembrance of Things Past）是探討記憶在人生中所起角色的最著名文學(xué)作品。
■ Ben Pridmore from Derby is world memory champion – memorising the order of a shuffled deck of cards in 24.68 seconds.
來自英格蘭德比郡的本•普瑞德摩爾（Ben Pridmore）是世界腦力大賽冠軍，他在24.68秒內(nèi)記住了一副被洗亂撲克牌的順序。
■ Mahan Dulai, 11, is the UK's junior memory champion. He can remember 31 numbers, 40 faces and 44 random words in five minutes.
十一歲的馬漢•杜萊（Mahan Dulai）是英國少年腦力大賽的冠軍，他能在五分鐘內(nèi)記住31個(gè)數(shù)字、40張面孔和44個(gè)隨機(jī)單詞。
■ The Sinclair ZX81 computer, which went on sale 30 years ago, had a 1KB memory. You would need 50,000 of them to run iTunes.
三十年前銷售的辛克萊爾ZX81型電腦擁有1KB的內(nèi)存，你要將其擴(kuò)大五千倍才能運(yùn)行iTunes。
■ Your brain runs on 12 watts of power – less than that use by a refrigerator light.
人腦的運(yùn)行功率為12瓦，比電冰箱燈的使用功率還要低。
■ The average person is believed to have 70,000 thoughts a day.
普通人每天會(huì)進(jìn)行70000次的思考。
