醫(yī)學(xué)論文（medical papers）的定義
醫(yī)學(xué)論文是對(duì)整理和發(fā)表醫(yī)學(xué)研究成果的一種特殊文本的總稱，就其內(nèi)容和文體特點(diǎn)而言科分為以下幾種：
1．醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文（scientific papers）
2．調(diào)查報(bào)告（survey）
3．綜述（review）
4．學(xué)位論文（theses）
5．醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文（scientific papers）
u 醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文定義
國(guó)際生物學(xué)編輯委員會(huì)對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文的定義為：必須是首次公布的應(yīng)提供足夠的資料，使同行們能夠進(jìn)行：①評(píng)價(jià)所觀察到的結(jié)果；②評(píng)價(jià)其推理過程；③重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。分為以下兩種：①臨床研究(clinical study)；②基礎(chǔ)研究或?qū)嶒?yàn)研究（experimental study)
u 醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文的格式
醫(yī)學(xué)科研論文必須具備以下幾個(gè)部分：
（1）標(biāo)題（title）
（2）摘要（abstract）
（3）引言（introduction）
（4）材料和方法（materials and methods）
（5）結(jié)果（results）
（6）討論（discussion）
（7）致謝（acknowledgement）
（8）參考文獻(xiàn)（references）
一、標(biāo)題
（一）要求
1．簡(jiǎn)明扼要（short and concise）
（1）盡量控制在一行，但不是一個(gè)句子
（2）不超過25個(gè)單詞或120-140個(gè)字母
（3）除DNA、RNA、CT等不用縮寫
2．信息豐富(informative)
3．便于索引（indexing）
4．較長(zhǎng)標(biāo)題可采用副標(biāo)題
（二）標(biāo)題寫作中常用詞組和表達(dá)方式
1．用…（方法／手段）對(duì)…進(jìn)行研究／分析／觀察／評(píng)價(jià)：
Study(analysis/observation/evaluation/assessment) of (on) … (by) using 方法/with工具）
2．A對(duì)B的作用
Effort of A on B
Protective effect of omeprazole on endothelin-induced gastric mucosal injury
3．A與B的關(guān)系
Correlation (relation/relationship) between A and B
Correlation of A with B and C
常用修飾詞：positively/negatively/significantly/insignificantly
標(biāo)題寫作中常用詞組和表達(dá)方式
4．用…治療…
Use of …in the treatment of …(�。�in …（生物）
Use of omeprazole in the treatment of gastric ulcer in the elderly
5．A是B
A as B
二、著錄部分書寫
（一）姓名
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式：WANG Luowei，HUANG Yingfeng，GUO Xiao’an
（二） 地址
800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R.China
（三）資助
A project funded by the National “863” Program
三、摘要的分類與格式
摘要是作者要給讀者的精華，分兩大類：
（一）指示性摘要
（二）資料性摘要
1．非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要
缺點(diǎn)：段落不明，給編輯、審稿、閱讀和計(jì)算機(jī)處理帶來諸多不便
2．全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要（8要素摘要）
（1）目的
（2）設(shè)計(jì)
（3）地點(diǎn)
（4）對(duì)象
（5）處理
（6）主要測(cè)定項(xiàng)目
（7）結(jié)果
（8）結(jié)論
全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的優(yōu)點(diǎn)
（1）觀點(diǎn)更明確
（2）信息量更大
（3）差錯(cuò)更少
（4）符合計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建立和使用的要求
全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的缺點(diǎn)：煩瑣、重復(fù)、篇幅過長(zhǎng)
3．半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要（四要素摘要）
（1）目的（objective/purpose/aim）
（2）方法（methods）
（3）結(jié)果（results）
（4）結(jié)論（conclusion）
u 目的
是主題，是作者相要介紹的關(guān)鍵問題
一、目的格式
（一）單表目的
（二）背景＋目的
二、目的常用時(shí)態(tài)
（一）背景：現(xiàn)在時(shí)（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、完成時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)）
（二）目的：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)／現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，或一般過去時(shí)
舉例：
（1）To evaluate the effects on 24-hour intragastric pH levels of infusions with omeprazole and H2 receptor antagonists in bleeding duodenal ulcer patients.
（2）The role of omeprazole in triple therapy and the impact of Helicobacter pylori resistance on treatment outcome are not established. This study investigated the role of omeprazole and influence of primary H. pylori resistance on eradication and development of secondary resistance.
三、介紹目的常用句型
主要用動(dòng)詞不定式to表達(dá)
1．直接用to do短語表達(dá)
舉例：To determine if use of omeprazole protects against the gastric mucosal injury
2．The purpose/aim/objective/goal(of present study is)was to
舉例：The aim of this study was to determine the protective function of omeprazole on gastric mucosal injury3．The present study is /was designed/devised/intended to
舉例：The present study was designed to establish whether there might be a genetic predisposition to an altered pattern of anti-inflammatory cytokine produced in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
4．This study was performed/conducted/carried out/undertaken to
舉例：An experimental study was conducted using a canine mode to elucidate …5．We aimed/sought to/attempted to
舉例：We sought to assess whether there is an increased risk of tuberculosis among individuals who work in certain industries occupations.
四、介紹目的常用動(dòng)詞
1．研究：study, investigate, examine, observe, explore
舉例：Our objective in this report is to examine the clinical feature, pathology and treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer.
2．評(píng)價(jià)：evaluate, validate
舉例：To evaluate sonography as a tool for initial diagnosis in emergency room patients with abdominal trauma.
3．確定：determine, decide, confirm, support, define, characterize
4．證實(shí)：prove, demonstrate, document, test, support, testify, verify
5．闡明、搞清：explain, elucidate, clarify, illustrate, delineate, find out, contribute to the knowledge of
6．介紹：describe, present, report
7．建立：establish, develop, set out
8．尋找：search for, look for, seek, find
9．識(shí)別、區(qū)分：identify, differentiate, discriminate
10．優(yōu)選：optimize
11．比較：compare
12．回顧：review
13．相關(guān)：correlate A with B
 方法部分u
（1）研究設(shè)計(jì)
（2）研究對(duì)象的特性
（3）干預(yù)或處理方法
（4）測(cè)定或觀察方法
一、 研究對(duì)象的選擇、來源及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1．納入研究：were entered into/enrolled in/selected (randomly)
舉例：A total of 169 patients were included in the study, 83 of whom received……
2．排除或退出研究：were excluded from participation，withdrew from the study due to/because to
舉例：……Patients with significant aortic valvular diseases were excluded.
二、 研究對(duì)象的分組
1．……were divided into/classified/grouped into
2．……were divided randomly/randomized into
3．…… were divided equally into
舉例：Patients were divided into three groups: Group 1…… Patients (n = 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening test result were randomized into 4 groups. OAC group received 20 mg omeprazole, ……
三、 年齡
1．某一年齡
舉例：A 50-year-old patient. Patients (age 26±3 years).
2．在某年齡范圍內(nèi)及平均年齡
舉例：Patients range in age from …to…, with a mean of (50 years)
3．在某一年齡以上或以下
舉例：Patients more than 50 years. Patients under/less than 50 years.
四、 性別、時(shí)間
1．性別
twelve patients (7 male and 5 female )
The male-to-female ratio was 1:4
2．時(shí)間
Body weight was measured weekly, and liver biopsy was obtained at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. ……
五、 診斷與治療
1．診斷
be diagnosed as having …
be diagnosed as …by …/with …®be suspected as …
2．治療
be treated with…(alone or in combination with …)
be treated on outpatient/inpatient basis
舉例：
（1）Patients (n = 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening test result were randomized into 4 groups. OAC group received 20 mg omeprazole,…
（2）50 patients with active bleeding duodenal ulcer were randomly assigned to receive one of the four treatment regimens. …
u 結(jié)果部分
1．是文章結(jié)論的根據(jù)
2．應(yīng)記錄真實(shí)的科研數(shù)據(jù)
3．除指示性說明外，一般用過去時(shí)表示
一、 常用句型
1．結(jié)果表明：The results showed / demonstrated / revealed / documented / indicated/suggested…that…®It was found that…
舉例：The results showed that high thigh cuff Doppler technique was 79 percent sensitive, 56 percent specific and 63 percent accurate.
2．與…有關(guān)：A was related / correlated /associated with B. There was a relationship /correlation between A and B. There was a relation of A with B and C
舉例：Insulin sensitivity index was negatively with blood velocity (r=0.530, P<0.05), body mass index (r=o.563, P<0.01) and baseline insulinemia (r=0.489, P<0.05)
3．增加或減少
（1）表示數(shù)值增加的動(dòng)詞：increase, rise, elevate
（2）表示數(shù)值增加的名詞：increase, increment, elevation
（3）表示數(shù)值減少的動(dòng)詞：decrease, reduce, fall, drop, decline, lower
（4）表示數(shù)值減少的名詞：decrease, decrement, reduction, fall, drop, decline, lowering
（5）從…增加到…，平均增加…：increase from …to …, with a mean/average (increase) of …
（6）從…增加到…，總的增加…：increase from …to …, with an overall increase of …
（7）增加了10％：increase by (10%)
4．倍數(shù)比較
（1）增加或減少3倍：increase by 3 fold (times). a 3-fold increase
（2）A 是 B的3倍：A is 3 fold (times) as…as B. A is 3 fold (times) B
5．結(jié)果的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義
（1）明顯不同（significant difference）
（2）很明顯不同（very/highly significant difference）
（3）區(qū)別不明顯（ insignificant difference）
（4）無區(qū)別（ nonsignificant difference/no difference）
6．統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義常用句型
（1）There was/is significant difference in…between A and B
（2）The difference in …between A and B was/is significant
（3）A was/is significant difference from B in …
（4）No significant difference was found / observed / noted in …between A and B
“in” 表示區(qū)分的性質(zhì)或內(nèi)容
舉例：
（1）There were no significant difference between treatment groups in symptoms and lung function (P>0.05).
（2）Significant difference were not noted in the level of HDL cholesterol, and LDL peak particle diameter before and after treatment.
u 結(jié)論部分
是作者發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)和見解，給讀者的精髓部分
1．歸納性說明研究結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn)
2．結(jié)論性說明結(jié)果的可能原因、機(jī)理或意義
3．前瞻性說明未解決的問題
一、結(jié)論部分時(shí)態(tài)
1．過去時(shí)
（1）涉及本研究的內(nèi)容
（2）涉及他人研究過程的內(nèi)容
（3）作者認(rèn)為只適用于本研究環(huán)境和條件的結(jié)論
2．現(xiàn)在時(shí)
（1）指示性說明
（2）普遍接受的思想、理論或結(jié)論
（3）作者認(rèn)為本研究結(jié)論具有普遍意義
（4）前瞻性說明
舉例：Our findings indicate that hepatitis C is a progressive disease [指示性說明-現(xiàn)在時(shí)]，but only a few died during the average 20.4 years after the initiation of injection drug use [本試驗(yàn)過程中發(fā)生的事-過去時(shí)］. Antiviral treatment to eradicate the virus and halt the progression of diseases is indicated in this group of patients [作者認(rèn)為具有普遍意義的結(jié)論-現(xiàn)在時(shí)].
二、 結(jié)論部分常用句型
1．結(jié)果提示…：These results suggest that…
舉例：These data confirm the presence of at least two major HCV genotypes in Nigeria.
2．結(jié)果支持或反對(duì)某種觀點(diǎn)：These results support the idea that…；These results fail to support the idea that…
舉例：These results do not support the idea that treatment to lower cholesterol concentration cause mood disturbance.
3．表示觀點(diǎn)的確定或不確定性：There is no evidence that…；It is likely/unlikely that …
舉例：There is no evidence that NIDDM produce any change in bone metabolism or mass.
4．具有…意義：Be of great (some/little/no) clinical significance in…to …
舉例：The detection of p53 gene is of great clinical significance in tumor diagnosis.
5．前瞻性說明：…remain to be further studied；It is remains to be proved that …
舉例：However, the relation of insulin resistance to hypertension remains to be further studied.
6．插入語：This is the first case of pancreas divisum.
舉例：This is the first case, to our knowledge, of pancreas divisum.

 小結(jié)u
 中文是關(guān)鍵®
 符合英語習(xí)慣®
 不用簡(jiǎn)單句®
 注意詞語的用法®
® 注意時(shí)態(tài)

附：練習(xí)

24小時(shí)胃內(nèi)酸度監(jiān)測(cè)評(píng)價(jià)多種抑酸劑靜脈
使用對(duì)十二指腸潰瘍患者的抑酸效果
鐘碧慧　袁育紅　陳 湖　林金坤　胡品津
【摘要】　目的　對(duì)比各種常用抑酸劑對(duì)十二指腸潰瘍出血患者胃酸的抑制效果。方法　運(yùn)用隨機(jī)、開放的方法分析50例十二脂腸潰瘍出血患者，分別使用奧美拉唑靜脈滴注、法莫替丁靜脈注射、雷尼替丁靜脈注射、西咪替丁靜脈注射或滴注。持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)患者24小時(shí)胃內(nèi)pH動(dòng)態(tài)變化的情況、不同胃內(nèi)pH值持續(xù)時(shí)間的百分率、24小時(shí)平均胃內(nèi)pH和中位pH值。結(jié)果　只有奧美拉唑80mg/天組可達(dá)到胃內(nèi)平均pH和中位pH均＞6，法莫替丁80mg/天組可達(dá)到胃內(nèi)平均pH和中位pH均＞4，其他治療組均未達(dá)到pH＞4。24小時(shí)胃內(nèi)pH＜4、pH＜5、pH＜6時(shí)間所占百分比依次遞增為：奧美拉唑80mg/天組、法莫替丁80mg/天組、雷尼替丁200mg/天組、西咪替丁800mg/天組。各H2受體拮抗劑組與奧美拉唑靜脈滴注組比較，差異均有顯著性。結(jié)論　靜脈使用質(zhì)子泵抑制劑的抑酸效果明顯優(yōu)于H2受體拮抗劑，尤其是奧美拉唑靜脈滴注胃內(nèi)pH提高持續(xù)的時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。

Comparative effects of intravenous infusion of omeprazole and H2-receptor antagonists on suppressing intragastric pH and the outcome of bleeding duodenal ulcer patients
ZHONG Bihui, YUAN Yuhong, CHEN Minhu, et al.
Department of Gastroenterology. The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-Sen University of Medical Science, Guangzhou, 510080
【Abstract】　Objective　To evaluate the effects on 24-hour intragastric pH levels of infusions with omeprazole and H2 receptor antagonists in bleeding duodenal ulcer patients.Methods　50 patients with active bleeding duodenal ulcer were randomly assigned to receive one of the four treatment regimens. They were omeprazole 40mg iv infusion q12h, famotidine 40mg iv q12h, ranitidine 50mg iv q6h, cimetidine 200mg iv q6h etc. Intragstric pH values were monitored in each subject at baseline and continuously for 24 hours after intravenous regimen.Results　Only omeprazole 40mg iv infusion q12h group produced mean and median intragastric pH value above 6. Famotidine 40mg iv q12h group had mean and median intragastric pH above 4. Other groups' pH were below 4, and no significant differences could be found between them. The mean percentages of time of imtagastric pH during 24 hours ＜4, ＜5 and ＜6 were in the increasing order of the groups of omeprazole 40mg iv infusion q12h, famotidine 40mg iv q 12h, ranitidine 50mg q6h, and cimetidine 200mg iv q6h.Conclusion　Intravenous use of omeprazole in active duodenal ulcer bleeding is superior to H2 receptor antagonists, the increase of intragastric pH maintains for a longer period.